Installare gentoo su vmware

Non riesco ad installarlo, quando do. Back to top. Posted: Tue Jul 31, am Post subject:. In ogni caso sarebbe meglio partire da un ebuild e modificarlo per la nuova versione. Posted: Wed Aug 01, am Post subject:. Risolt creando le directory rc0. Posted: Fri Aug 03, pm Post subject:. Qualche idea? The block devices above represent an abstract interface to the disk. The program can simply address the storage on the disk as a bunch of contiguous, randomly-accessible byte 4K blocks.

Although it is theoretically possible to use a raw, unpartitioned disk to house a Linux system when creating a btrfs RAID for example , this is almost never done in practice.

Instead, disk block devices are split up into smaller, more manageable block devices. On amd64 systems, these are called partitions. The location in which it stores the partition information is much bigger than the bytes of the MBR partition table DOS disklabel , which means there is practically no limit on the amount of partitions for a GPT disk.

Also the size of a partition is bounded by a much greater limit almost 8 ZiB - yes, zebibytes. GPT also takes advantage of checksumming and redundancy. It carries CRC32 checksums to detect errors in the header and partition tables and has a backup GPT at the end of the disk. This backup table can be used to recover damage of the primary GPT near the beginning of the disk. MBR uses bit identifiers for the start sector and length of the partitions, and supports three partition types: primary, extended, and logical.

Primary partitions have their information stored in the master boot record itself - a very small usually bytes location at the very beginning of a disk.

In order to support more partitions, one of the primary partitions in the MBR can be marked as an extended partition. This partition can then contain additional logical partitions partitions within a partition. LVM increases the flexibility offered by the partitioning setup. The installation instructions below will focus on "regular" partitions, but it is good to know LVM is supported if that route is desired.

Visit the LVM article for more details. Newcomers beware: although fully supported, LVM is outside the scope of this guide. While it is possible to mix and match, that goes beyond the scope of this manual.

If this suffices as information, the advanced reader can directly skip ahead to the actual partitioning. Both fdisk and parted are partitioning utilities. Here, fdisk is used since it has a better text-based user interface. Before going to the creation instructions, the first set of sections will describe in more detail how partitioning schemes can be created and mention some common pitfalls. The design of disk partition layout is highly dependent on the demands of the system and the file system s applied to the device.

How many partitions and how big very much depends on considering the trade-offs and choosing the best option for the circumstance. Separate partitions or volumes have the following advantages:. There is no perfect value for swap space size. The purpose of the space is to provide disk storage to the kernel when internal memory RAM is under pressure. A swap space allows for the kernel to move memory pages that are not likely to be accessed soon to disk swap or page-out , which will free memory in RAM for the current task.

Of course, if the pages swapped to disk are suddenly needed, they will need to be put back in memory page-in which will take considerably longer than reading from RAM as disks are very slow compared to internal memory.

When a system is not going to run memory intensive applications or has lots of RAM available, then it probably does not need much swap space. However do note in case of hibernation that swap space is used to store the entire contents of memory likely on desktop and laptop systems rather than on server systems. If the system requires support for hibernation, then swap space larger than or equal to the amount of memory is necessary.

As a general rule, the swap space size is recommended to be twice the internal memory RAM. The faster a disk can swap, the faster the system will run when data in swap space must be accessed.

When choosing between rotational and solid state disks, it is better for performance to put swap on the SSD. Also, swap files can be used as an alternative to swap partitions; this is mostly interesting for systems with very limited disk space. The instructions below contain the necessary pointers to correctly handle this operation. After partitioning, format the ESP accordingly:. It is a very small 1 to 2 MB partition in which boot loaders like GRUB2 can put additional data that doesn't fit in the allocated storage.

It will not be used in this guide. The example partition layout was mentioned earlier:. Use the p key to display the disk's current partition configuration:. This particular disk was configured to house two Linux filesystems each with a corresponding partition listed as "Linux" as well as a swap partition listed as "Linux swap". Type g to create a new GPT disklabel on the disk; this will remove all existing partitions. For an existing GPT disklabel see the output of p above , alternatively consider removing the existing partitions one by one from the disk.

Type d to delete a partition. The partition has now been scheduled for deletion. It will no longer show up when printing the list of partitions p , but it will not be erased until the changes have been saved. This allows users to abort the operation if a mistake was made - in that case, type q immediately and hit Enter and the partition will not be deleted. Repeatedly type p to print out a partition listing and then type d and the number of the partition to delete it. Eventually, the partition table will be empty:.

Type n to create a new partition, followed by 1 to select the first partition. When prompted for the first sector, make sure it starts from which may be needed for the boot loader and hit Enter.

When prompted for the first sector, hit Enter. After all this is done, type t to set the partition type, 2 to select the partition just created and then type in 19 to set the partition type to "Linux Swap". Finally, to create the root partition, type n to create a new partition. When prompted for the last sector, hit Enter to create a partition that takes up the rest of the remaining space on the disk. After completing these steps, typing p should display a partition table that looks similar to this:.

To save the partition layout and exit fdisk , type w. The example partition layout mentioned earlier is now:. This particular disk was until now configured to house two Linux filesystems each with a corresponding partition listed as "Linux" as well as a swap partition listed as "Linux swap" , using a GPT table.

Type o to create a new MBR disklabel here also named DOS disklabel on the disk; this will remove all existing partitions. For an existing DOS disklabel see the output of p above , alternatively consider removing the existing partitions one by one from the disk.

Type n to create a new partition, followed by p for a primary partition and 1 to select the first primary partition. After all this is done, type t to set the partition type, 2 to select the partition just created and then type in 82 to set the partition type to "Linux Swap". Now that the partitions have been created, it is time to place a filesystem on them.

In the next section the various file systems that Linux supports are described. Readers that already know which filesystem to use can continue with Applying a filesystem to a partition. The others should read on to learn about the available filesystems Linux supports several dozen filesystems, although many of them are only wise to deploy for specific purposes.

Only certain filesystems may be found found stable on the amd64 architecture - it is advised to read up on the filesystems and their support state before selecting a more experimental one for important partitions. The below is a non-exaustive list. To create a filesystem on a partition or volume, there are user space utilities available for each possible filesystem.

Click the filesystem's name in the table below for additional information on each filesystem:. When using ext4 on a small partition less than 8 GiB , then the file system must be created with the proper options to reserve enough inodes. This can be done using one of the following commands, respectively:. This will generally quadruple the number of inodes for a given file system as its "bytes-per-inode" reduces from one every 16kB to one every 4kB. To activate the swap partition, use swapon :.

Now that the partitions have been initialized and are housing a filesystem, it is time to mount those partitions. Use the mount command, but don't forget to create the necessary mount directories for every partition created. As an example we mount the root partition:.

Later in the instructions the proc filesystem a virtual interface with the kernel as well as other kernel pseudo-filesystems will be mounted. But first we install the Gentoo installation files.

Before installing Gentoo, it is a good idea to be sure the date and time are set correctly. A misconfigured clock may lead to strange issues with the installation: base system files should be extracted with accurate time stamps. In fact, due to Gentoo's web based services using security certificates, it might not be possible to download the installation files if the system clock is too far skewed. An accurate clock is a requirement for proceeding with the installation.

Verify the current date and time by running the date command:. It can be used to automatically sync the system clock to UTC time using a time server. Using this method requires a working network configuration and may not be available on all architectures. For systems that do not have access to a time server, the date command can also be used to set the system clock. UTC time is recommended for all Linux systems.

A timezone will be defined later in the installation which will modify the clock to display local time. Choosing a base tarball for the system can save a considerable amount of time later on in the installation process, specifically when it is time to choose a system profile.

The selection of a stage tarball will directly impact future system configuration and can save a headache or two later on down the line. The multilib tarball uses bit libraries when possible, and only falls back to the bit versions when necessary for compatibility. This is an excellent option for the majority of installations because it provides a great amount of flexibility for customization in the future. Those who desire their systems to be capable of easily switching profiles should download the multilib tarball option for their respective processor architecture.

Most users should not use the 'advanced' tarballs options; they are for specific software or hardware configurations. Selecting a no-multilib tarball to be the base of the system provides a complete bit operating system environment. This effectively renders the ability to switch to multilib profiles improbable, although still technically possible. It is Gentoo's native and original init system, but is also deployed by a few other Linux distributions and BSD systems.

This means a solution can be found to run the dozens of daemons in the Gentoo ebuild repository. For historical reasons only, this manual focuses on installation and configuration using OpenRC.

Rewriting and enhancing it to also explain a systemd installation see below is planned. It is used as the primary init system by a majority of Linux distributions. Unfortunately, the corresponding installation Handbook sections for system still need to be written or are work in progress. It something seems lacking in the Handbook for a systemd install path, review the systemd article before asking for support.

Those using environments with fully graphical web browsers will have no problem copying a stage file URL from the main website's download section. Simply select the appropriate tab, right click the link to the stage file, then Copy Link to copy the link to the clipboard, then paste the link to the wget utility on the command-line to download the stage tarball:.

To download a stage, surf to the Gentoo mirror list like so:. Like links it is a non-graphical browser but it is not menu-driven. On the mirror list, select a mirror close by. Usually HTTP mirrors suffice, but other protocols are available as well. There all available stage files are displayed they might be stored within subdirectories named after the individual sub-architectures. Select one and press d to download.

After the stage file download completes, it is possible to verify the integrity and validate the contents of the stage tarball. Those interested should proceed to the next section. Those not interested in verifying and validating the stage file can close the command-line browser by pressing q and can move directly to the Unpacking the stage tarball section. Like with the minimal installation CDs, additional downloads to verify and validate the stage file are available.

Although these steps may be skipped, these files are provided for users who care about the legitimacy of the file s they just downloaded. Use openssl and compare the output with the checksums provided by the. Another way is to use the shasum command:.

Compare the output of these commands with the value registered in the. The values need to match, otherwise the downloaded file might be corrupt or the digests file is. Just like with the ISO file, it is also possible to verify the cryptographic signature of the.

The fingerprints of the OpenPGP keys used for signing release media can be found on the release media signatures page of the Gentoo webserver. Now unpack the downloaded stage onto the system. Use the tar utility to proceed:. The x stands for e x tract, the p for p reserve permissions and the f to denote that we want to extract a f ile not standard input. Finally, --numeric-owner is used to ensure that the user and group IDs of the files being extracted from the tarball will remain the same as Gentoo's release engineering team intended even if adventurous users are not using official Gentoo live environments.

Now that the stage file is unpacked, proceed with Configuring the compile options. To optimize the system, it is possible to set variables which impact the behavior of Portage, Gentoo's officially supported package manager.

All those variables can be set as environment variables using export but setting via export is not permanent. Portage reads in the make. Fire up an editor in this guide we use nano to alter the optimization variables we will discuss hereafter. From the make.

Several of those variables are discussed in the next section. Although those are defined generally here, for maximum performance one would need to optimize these flags for each program separately. The reason for this is because every program is different.

However, this is not manageable, hence the definition of these flags in the make. In make. Don't place experimental settings in this variable; too much optimization can make programs misbehave crash, or even worse, malfunction. We will not explain all possible optimization options.

To understand them all, read the GNU Online Manual s or the gcc info page info gcc - only works on a working Linux system. The make. Possible options are described in the make. A commonly used value is native as that tells the compiler to select the target architecture of the current system the one users are installing Gentoo on.

A second one is the -O flag that is a capital O, not a zero , which specifies the gcc optimization class flag. Possible classes are s for size-optimized , 0 zero - for no optimizations , 1, 2 or even 3 for more speed-optimization flags every class has the same flags as the one before, plus some extras. Another popular optimization flag is -pipe use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the various stages of compilation.

It has no impact on the generated code, but uses more memory. On systems with low memory, gcc might get killed. In that case, do not use this flag. Using -fomit-frame-pointer which doesn't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that don't need one might have serious repercussions on the debugging of applications.

The default values contained in the stage3 archive that is unpacked should be good enough. The following one is just an example:. Then continue with Installing the Gentoo base system. In order to download source code quickly it is recommended to select a fast mirror.

Portage will look in the make. It is possible to surf to the Gentoo mirror list and search for a mirror or mirrors that is close to the system's physical location as those are most frequently the fastest ones. However, we provide a nice tool called mirrorselect which provides users with a nice interface to select the mirrors needed. Just navigate to the mirrors of choice and press Spacebar to select one or more mirrors.

This file contains the sync information needed to update the package repository the collection of ebuilds and related files containing all the information Portage needs to download and install software packages.

Configuring the repository can be done in a few simple steps. First, if it does not exist, create the repos. Next, copy the Gentoo repository configuration file provided by Portage to the newly created repos. Take a peek with a text editor or by using the cat command.

The inside of the file should be in. The default sync-uri variable value listed above will determine a mirror location based on a rotation. This will aid in easing bandwidth stress on Gentoo's infrastructure and will provide a fail-safe in case a specific mirror is offline. It is recommended the default URI is retained unless a local, private Portage mirror will be used.

This needs to be done to ensure that networking still works even after entering the new environment. To copy this information, it is recommended to pass the --dereference option to the cp command. Otherwise in the new environment the symbolic link would point to a non-existing file as the link's target is most likely not available inside the new environment. In a few moments, the Linux root will be changed towards the new location. To make sure that the new environment works properly, certain filesystems need to be made available there as well.

Now that all partitions are initialized and the base environment installed, it is time to enter the new installation environment by chrooting into it. This means that the session will change its root most top-level location that can be accessed from the current installation environment installation CD or other installation medium to the installation system namely the initialized partitions.

Hence the name, change root or chroot. From this point, all actions performed are immediately on the new Gentoo Linux environment.

Of course it is far from finished, which is why the installation still has some sections left! Now that the new environment has been entered, it is necessary to mount the boot partition. This will be important when it is time to compile the kernel and install the bootloader:. Next step is to install a snapshot of the Gentoo ebuild repository. This snapshot contains a collection of files that informs Portage about available software titles for installation , which profiles the system administrator can select, package or profile specific news items, etc.

Readers who have no network or bandwidth restrictions can happily skip down to the next section. This will fetch the latest snapshot which is released on a daily basis from one of Gentoo's mirrors and install it onto the system:. From this point onward, Portage might mention that certain updates are recommended to be executed. This is because system packages installed through the stage file might have newer versions available; Portage is now aware of new packages because of the repository snapshot.

Package updates can be safely ignored for now; updates can be delayed until after the Gentoo installation has finished. It is possible to update the Gentoo ebuild repository to the latest version. The previous emerge-webrsync command will have installed a very recent snapshot usually recent up to 24h so this step is definitely optional.

Suppose there is a need for the last package updates up to 1 hour , then use emerge --sync. This command will use the rsync protocol to update the Gentoo ebuild repository which was fetched earlier on through emerge-webrsync to the latest state.

On slow terminals, like some framebuffers or serial consoles, it is recommended to use the --quiet option to speed up the process:.

When the Gentoo ebuild repository is synchronized, Portage may output informational messages similar to the following:. News items were created to provide a communication medium to push critical messages to users via the Gentoo ebuild repository. To manage them, use eselect news. The eselect application is a Gentoo-specific utility that allows for a common management interface for system administration.

In this case, eselect is asked to use its news module. A profile is a building block for any Gentoo system. These settings are all maintained by Gentoo's Portage developers. You can see what profile the system is currently using with eselect , now using the profile module:.

After viewing the available profiles for the amd64 architecture, users can select a different profile for the system:. In order to select a pure bit environment, with no bit applications or libraries, use a no-multilib profile:. At this point, it is wise to update the system's world set so that a base can be established. This following step is necessary so the system can apply any updates or USE flag changes which have appeared since the stage3 was built and from any profile selection:.

USE is one of the most powerful variables Gentoo provides to its users. Several programs can be compiled with or without optional support for certain items. Others can be compiled with or without SSL support. Some programs can even be compiled with framebuffer support svgalib instead of X11 support X-server. Most distributions compile their packages with support for as much as possible, increasing the size of the programs and startup time, not to mention an enormous amount of dependencies.

With Gentoo users can define what options a package should be compiled with. This is where USE comes into play. In the USE variable users define keywords which are mapped onto compile-options.

For instance, ssl will compile SSL support in the programs that support it. The default USE settings are placed in the make.

Gentoo uses a complex inheritance system for its profiles, which we will not dive into at this stage. The easiest way to check the currently active USE settings is to run emerge --info and select the line that starts with USE:. USE flags can be globally removed by adding a - minus sign in front of the value in the the list. For example, to disable support for X graphical environments, -X can be set:. All of the Gentoo packages are tagged with the license s the package falls under.

This allows users to select software by specific licenses or groups of licenses prior to installing it. The license groups defined in the Gentoo repository, managed by the Gentoo Licenses project , are:. The default value will only accept licenses that are explicitly approved by the Free Software Foundation, the Open Source Initiative, or that follow the Free Software Definition:. If systemd is desired, please consult the systemd article. It contains instructions equivalent to the instructions in the following sections of this Handbook.

Specifically, it will walk the reader through various init system commands systemctl and systemd-specific services such as timedatectl , hostnamectl , etc. Select the timezone for the system. Later, when systemd is running, the timezone and related settings can be configured with the timedatectl command. Locales specify not only the language that the user should use to interact with the system, but also the rules for sorting strings, displaying dates and times, etc. Locales are case sensitive and must be represented exactly as described.

The next step is to run the locale-gen command. To verify that the selected locales are now available, run locale -a. Once done, it is now time to set the system-wide locale settings. Again we use eselect for this, now with the locale module. With eselect locale list , the available targets are displayed:. Setting the locale will avoid warnings and errors during kernel and software compilations later in the installation. A full Localization guide to provide additional guidance through the locale selection process.

Before getting to configuring kernel sections, it is beneficial to be aware that some devices require additional firmware to be installed on the system before they will operate correctly.

This is often the case for network interfaces, especially wireless network interfaces commonly used in both desktop and laptop computers. Modern video chips from vendors like AMD, Nvidia, and Intel, often need external firmware files to be fully functional. On systems using graphics cards from these vendors, it is wise to emerge this firmware package in order to have it available before configuring and compiling the kernel.

In addition to discrete graphics hardware and network interfaces, CPUs also can require firmware updates. Typically this kind of firmware is referred to as microcode. Newer revisions of microcode are sometimes necessary to patch instability, security concerns, or other bugs in CPU hardware. See the Microcode article for more information on how to apply microcode updates. Manual configuration is explained as the default choice since it is the best way to optimize an environment.

The core around which all distributions are built is the Linux kernel. It is the layer between the user programs and the system hardware.

Gentoo provides its users several possible kernel sources. A full listing with description is available at the Kernel overview page. Choose an appropriate kernel source and install it using emerge :.

However, this symbolic link will not be created by default. An easy way to create the symbolic link is to utilize eselect's kernel module. In order to create a symbolic link called linux , use:. Manually configuring a kernel is often seen as the most difficult procedure a Linux user ever has to perform. Nothing is less true - after configuring a couple of kernels no one remembers that it was difficult!

However, one thing is true: it is vital to know the system when a kernel is configured manually. Another source of system information is to run lsmod to see what kernel modules the installation CD uses as it might provide a nice hint on what to enable.

Now go to the kernel source directory and execute make menuconfig. This will fire up menu-driven configuration screen. The Linux kernel configuration has many, many sections.

Let's first list some options that must be activated otherwise Gentoo will not function, or not function properly without additional tweaks. Configuring SMB is slightly more complicated, but not too bad. The eselect tool alters system-wide settings on Gentoo for any packages that register with the tool. We will want to check back with this subsystem at various points, so familiarize yourself with it if you have not used it. Run through the items now there are only a few and customize what you like.

Create local user so you can still get into the system if LDAP fails you for some reason. Root access is not always available for various window managers or services. Add this user to the wheel group so it can become super-user when needed.

Add it to some privileged groups as well, like: floppy , audio , cdrom , tape , video , cdrw , usb , users , and portage. The development workstations at my place of business are a lot more usable when they are set up on LDAP.

Find out your local LDAP information. Note that AutoFS 5. The settings might already be this way:. Reboot even from your chroot environment is fine. This can be the base system for any future customizations, like using X, making a web server, etc. Up to this point, we could have gone in the direction of making a mail server, a Bugzilla site, or whatever. All of this is optional, so feel free to skip any of the below. First, update your USE flags to enable some important settings.

Add some more per-package USE flags that facilitate installing the new packages given the new settings again, preferably in their own file :.

Looking at the latin fontconfig file, we can see that the system prefers some fonts by default:. You probably want to enable sub-pixel hinting for your fonts and the Liberation font package. This same eselect module enables various fonts— be sure to enable the fonts you just installed if they are not enabled by default.

The next two sections should be considered mutually exclusive. What you choose here will determine if you do KDE4 or Plasma the next sections mention exactly what to select. Choose wisely. As you will see below, we can even through Compiz into the mix to add eye-candy to an already fairly decent situation. The desktop widgets already support it. This mirrors our discussions about SSH.